本文介绍了视觉表示(GEOCLR)的地理化对比度学习,以有效地训练深度学习卷积神经网络(CNN)。该方法通过使用附近位置拍摄的图像生成相似的图像对来利用地理网络信息,并将这些图像与相距遥远的图像对进行对比。基本的假设是,在近距离内收集的图像更可能具有相似的视觉外观,在海底机器人成像应用中可以合理地满足图像,在这些应用中,图像足迹仅限于几米的边缘长度,并将其重叠以使其重叠沿着车辆的轨迹,而海底底物和栖息地的斑块大小要大得多。这种方法的一个关键优点是它是自我监督的,并且不需要任何人类的CNN培训投入。该方法在计算上是有效的,可以使用在大多数海洋现场试验中可以访问的计算资源在多天AUV任务中之间的潜水之间产生结果。我们将GEOCLR应用于数据集上的栖息地分类,该数据集由使用自动水下车辆(AUV)收集的〜86K图像组成。我们演示了GEOCLR产生的潜在表示如何有效地指导人类注释工作,而与使用相同的CNN和同一CNN和最先进的SIMCLR相比,半监督框架平均将分类精度提高了10.2%。等效的人类注释培训。
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Despite a sea of interpretability methods that can produce plausible explanations, the field has also empirically seen many failure cases of such methods. In light of these results, it remains unclear for practitioners how to use these methods and choose between them in a principled way. In this paper, we show that for even moderately rich model classes (easily satisfied by neural networks), any feature attribution method that is complete and linear--for example, Integrated Gradients and SHAP--can provably fail to improve on random guessing for inferring model behaviour. Our results apply to common end-tasks such as identifying local model behaviour, spurious feature identification, and algorithmic recourse. One takeaway from our work is the importance of concretely defining end-tasks. In particular, we show that once such an end-task is defined, a simple and direct approach of repeated model evaluations can outperform many other complex feature attribution methods.
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This paper describes important considerations and challenges associated with online reinforcement-learning based waveform selection for target identification in frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) automotive radar systems. We present a novel learning approach based on satisficing Thompson sampling, which quickly identifies a waveform expected to yield satisfactory classification performance. We demonstrate through measurement-level simulations that effective waveform selection strategies can be quickly learned, even in cases where the radar must select from a large catalog of candidate waveforms. The radar learns to adaptively select a bandwidth for appropriate resolution and a slow-time unimodular code for interference mitigation in the scene of interest by optimizing an expected classification metric.
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When should an online reinforcement learning-based frequency agile cognitive radar be expected to outperform a rule-based adaptive waveform selection strategy? We seek insight regarding this question by examining a dynamic spectrum access scenario, in which the radar wishes to transmit in the widest unoccupied bandwidth during each pulse repetition interval. Online learning is compared to a fixed rule-based sense-and-avoid strategy. We show that given a simple Markov channel model, the problem can be examined analytically for simple cases via stochastic dominance. Additionally, we show that for more realistic channel assumptions, learning-based approaches demonstrate greater ability to generalize. However, for short time-horizon problems that are well-specified, we find that machine learning approaches may perform poorly due to the inherent limitation of convergence time. We draw conclusions as to when learning-based approaches are expected to be beneficial and provide guidelines for future study.
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在我们不断变化的气候中,使用模型来评估天气和气候对社会和企业的后续后果的风险及其后续后果至关重要。这种模型的操作在历史上是定制的,并限制在特定的计算基础架构,驱动数据集和预定义的配置上。这些约束通过缩放模型运行并将模型掌握在感兴趣的用户手中。在这里,我们提出了一个基于云的模块化框架,用于部署和操作地理空间模型,最初应用于气候影响。气候冲击建模框架(CIMF)可以以动态和灵活的方式部署模块化工作流程。用户可以以简化的方式指定工作流程组件,然后可以轻松地将这些组件组织成不同的配置,以以不同的方式和不同的尺度评估风险。这还可以使不同的模型(物理模拟或机器学习模型)和工作流程连接以产生合并的风险评估。洪水建模被用作端到端的示例,以证明CIMF的操作。
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基于得分的生成模型在密度估计和生成建模任务上表现出最新的性能。这些模型通常假设数据几何形状是平坦的,但已开发出最近的扩展来合成生活在Riemannian歧管上的数据。现有的加速扩散模型采样方法通常不适用于Riemannian设置,基于Riemannian得分的方法尚未适应数据集插值的重要任务。为了克服这些问题,我们介绍了\ emph {riemannian扩散schr \“ odinger桥}。我们提出的方法概括了扩散的schr \“ \ cite {debortoli2021neurips}中引入的odinger桥,向非欧国性分数设置超出了Riemannian Score的模型,并扩展第一次逆转。我们验证我们提出的关于合成数据以及真实地球和气候数据的方法。
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已经表明(Amuru等人,2015年),可以有效地使用在线学习算法选择最佳的物理层参数,以与数字调制方案进行阻塞,而无需先前了解受害者的传播策略。但是,这个学习问题涉及解决一个可以非常大的混合动作空间的多军匪徒问题。结果,与最佳干扰策略的融合可能会很慢,尤其是当受害者和干扰器的符号不是完全同步时。在这项工作中,我们通过引入线性强盗算法来解决样本效率问题,该算法说明了动作之间固有的相似性。此外,我们提出了上下文特征,这些特征非常适合非连锁处理问题的统计特征,并且与先前的ART相比,表现出明显改善的收敛行为。此外,我们展示了如何将有关受害者传播的先验知识无缝整合到学习框架中。我们最终讨论了渐近状态的局限性。
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计算分布之间的最佳传输(OT)耦合在机器学习中起着越来越重要的作用。虽然可以将OT问题求解为线性程序,但添加熵平滑项会导致求解器对离群值更快,更强大,可区分且易于并行化。 Sinkhorn固定点算法是这些方法的基石,结果,已经进行了多次尝试以缩短其运行时,例如退火,动量或加速度。本文的前提是,\ textit {initialization}的sindhorn算法受到了相对较少的关注,可能是由于两个先入为主的:由于正规化的ot问题是凸的,因此可能不值得制定量身定制的初始化,因为\ textit {\ textit { }保证工作;其次,由于sindhorn算法在端到端管道中通常是区分的,因此数据依赖性初始化可能会通过展开迭代而获得的偏差梯度估计。我们挑战了这种传统的观点,并表明精心选择的初始化可能会导致巨大的加速,并且不会偏向梯度,这些梯度是通过隐式分化计算的。我们详细介绍如何使用1D或高斯设置中的已知结果从封闭形式或近似OT解决方案中恢复初始化。我们从经验上表明,这些初始化可以在现成的情况下使用,几乎没有调整,并且导致各种OT问题的速度持续加速。
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It would be useful for machines to use computers as humans do so that they can aid us in everyday tasks. This is a setting in which there is also the potential to leverage large-scale expert demonstrations and human judgements of interactive behaviour, which are two ingredients that have driven much recent success in AI. Here we investigate the setting of computer control using keyboard and mouse, with goals specified via natural language. Instead of focusing on hand-designed curricula and specialized action spaces, we focus on developing a scalable method centered on reinforcement learning combined with behavioural priors informed by actual human-computer interactions. We achieve state-of-the-art and human-level mean performance across all tasks within the MiniWob++ benchmark, a challenging suite of computer control problems, and find strong evidence of cross-task transfer. These results demonstrate the usefulness of a unified human-agent interface when training machines to use computers. Altogether our results suggest a formula for achieving competency beyond MiniWob++ and towards controlling computers, in general, as a human would.
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计算机辅助诊断通常需要分析放射学扫描内的感兴趣区域(ROI),并且ROI可以是器官或子机构。虽然深入学习算法具有优于其他方法的能力,但它们依赖于大量注释数据的可用性。通过解决这一限制的需要,这里提出了一种基于监督和半监督学习的多个器官的定位和检测的方法。它借鉴了作者在CT图像中定位胸椎和腰椎区域的工作者。该方法生成六个感兴趣的器官的边界框,然后将其融合到单个边界框。使用受监督和半监督学习(SSL)在CT图像中的脾脏,左和右肾定位的实验结果证明了与其他状态相比,以更小的数据集和更少的注释来解决数据限制的能力。最新方法。使用三种不同的标记和未标记的数据(即30:70,35:65,40:60)评估SSL性能,分别为腰椎,脾脏左和右肾的每种。结果表明,SSL提供了可行的替代方案,特别是在医学成像中,难以获得注释数据。
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